Came across this error with a SQL Server 2005 sproc, being called via a Visual Studio 2008 xsd table adapter.
Solution:
Check your data adapter tables, the sproc was missing 2 columns that the datatable was expecting in the results:
http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/forums/en-US/Vsexpressvb/thread/27aec612-5ca4-41ba-80d6-0204893fdcd1/